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Copied from _The Times_, London, March 1 1991.
Speeding clocks cause for alarm
New street lighting systems in an East Midlands village have been playing
curious games with alarm clocks, causing them to race up to four hours ahead
while their owners slept.
Residents of Castle Donnington, Leicestershire, who own clocks with the
familiar red display [presumably LEDs — pcl] had to call on the detective
skills of East Midlands Electricity Board staff to solve the problem. Owners
of more sophisticated clocks with a green display [plasma discharge? — pcl]
found they were sticking to Greenwich rather than Omani time.
An inspection of the local airport and voltage checks in houses and at
substations failed to disclose the cause. Interference from cellular telephones
was also ruled out.
The culprits were finally tracked to signals being transmitted by electric
timers controlling local street lights that had recently been fitted by
Leicestershire county council. Julian Evans, an electricity board spokesman,
said the timers had been replaced and things appeared to be "ticking along
nicely".
[ Can anyone explain why "red" clocks should be more susceptible to this form
of interference than "green" clocks? ]
I keep waiting for the day when someone releases a (postscript) laser printer, that incorporates a scanner so that I can use it as a printer, a scanner, a copier. Add fax to that concept and I think we would have a winner. Ed Wright
CALL FOR PAPERS
ACM SIGSOFT '91
Software for Critical Systems
New Orleans, Louisiana
December 4-6, 1991
Computer systems are beginning to affect nearly every aspect of our lives.
Examples include programs that control aircraft, shut down nuclear power
reactors in emergencies, monitor hospital patients, and execute banking
transactions. Although such programs offer considerable benefits, they also
pose serious risks in that we are increasingly vulnerable to errors and
deficiencies in the software. [NO NEWS TO RISKS READERS!]
The SIGSOFT '91 conference seeks papers on all aspects of quality in critical
systems. A critical system is a system that must exhibit, with very high
assurance, some specific qualities such as safety, reliability,
confidentiality, integrity, availability, trustworthiness, and correctness.
The conference will focus on such topics as architectures, design
methodologies, languages, analysis techniques, and processes that can increase
the likelihood that a system exhibits its required qualities.
Papers will be judged on relevance, significance, originality, correctness, and
clarity. Papers will be read and evaluated by the program committee and must
not be under consideration (or published) elsewhere in the same or similar
form. Papers are limited to 6,000 words, with full-page figures counting as
300 words. A paper that significantly exceeds this limit is likely to be
rejected.
Authors should submit 6 copies of the full paper to:
Peter G. Neumann, Computer Science Laboratory, SRI International,
Room EL-243, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025
Persons submitting papers from countries in which access to copying machines is
difficult or impossible may submit a single copy. Submissions should be
received by May 3, 1991 and should include a return mailing address. Authors
will be notified of acceptance or rejection by July 12, 1991. Full versions of
accepted papers must be received in camera-ready form by August 30, 1991.
Authors of accepted papers will be expected to sign a copyright release form.
Proceedings will be distributed at the conference and will subsequently be
available from ACM.
CONFERENCE CHAIR PROGRAM Co-CHAIRS
Mark Moriconi Nancy Leveson Peter Neumann
SRI International Univ. of California, Irvine SRI International
moriconi@csl.sri.com leveson@ics.uci.edu neumann@csl.sri.com
PROGRAM COMMITTEE
David Barstow Schlumberger
Dines Bjorner Technical University of Denmark
Marie-Claude Gaudel Universite de Paris - Sud
Jim Horning DEC Systems Research Center
Bill Howden University of California, San Diego
Hermann Kopetz Technical University of Vienna
Carl Landwehr Naval Research Laboratory
Bev Littlewood City University, London
Leon Osterweil University of California, Irvine
David Parnas Queen's University
Fred Schneider Cornell University
Vicky Stavridou University of London
Martyn Thomas Praxis, Inc.
Walter Tichy University of Karlsruhe
Elaine Weyuker NYU Courant Institute
In addition to all the other problems associated with computers, have you ever wondered about the risks of _naming_ one? The study I work for has a workstation called SUCKER (ugh! my system manager — who is a fishing maniac -- named it after a lake in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in northern Minnesota). Ever since we brought this machine up on the net, we haven't had a moment's peace. All the teenage wanna-be freshmen hackers from all the neighbouring state colleges who have just got their first computer account and have read "The Cuckoo's Egg" are drawn to it like a magnet. There's rarely a Monday when I come in and don't find breakin attempts on all the usual accounts: SYSTEM, FIELD, DECNET, INGRES, GUEST, ANONYMOUS...you name it. Fortunately, DECnet provides a pretty good traceback to the originating point of the attempt, and most system managers take such reports very seriously, so we've had about half-a-dozen amateurs kicked off their systems (I say amateurs, because nobody has gone beyond trying to guess passwords). But then, we probably only have audit and intrusion trails for the ones that failed... Rao Akella, Research Assistant, Colon Cancer Control Study University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
In light of RISKS recent series on the Americard, I found the following interesting. Reprinted from the 24 Feb 91 Chronicle (Punch Section, page 5). All typographical errors mine. THE PUSH-BUTTON SOCIETY In Singapore, 2.6 million people are coming on-line. By Reginal Chua (Reuters) Singapore is striving to become a push-button city. From cashless shopping to electronic paperwork and even a computerized pig auction, Singapore is plugging its 2.6 million people into electronic grids linking the entire island nation. In less than a decade, it plans to build computerized electronic pathways to enable people to shop, book theater tickets, check information, and to allow companies to send documents. Singapore's small size and highly centralized bureaucracy has made it relatively simple to establish the groundwork for the electronic society. All citizens carry a numbered identification card, allowing information about them to be cross-indexed between ministries and government bodies. Not all Singaporeans are thrilled ath the prospect of life in this version of a brave new world with an electronic ``Big Brother'' keeping tabs on them. Some were unhappy to find that census takers calling at their homes already had detailed information about them printed on the census forms. ``It seems like they know more about me than I do,'' one housewife said. The advantages of being plugged in, however, have become obvious to many. ``The purpose... is to turn Singapore into an intelligent island in which IT (information technology) will be fully exploited to improve business competitiveness and, more importantly, to enhance the quality of life,'' said Tay Eng Soon, minister of state for education. A new master plan, IT 2000, will be unveiled at the end of the year, Tay said. Parts are already in place. TradeNet — which allows companies to submit documents electronically to the state Trade Development Board — now accounts for 90 percent of all trade documentation, a board official said. ``We're going to phase out the remaining 10 percent by the end of the year,'' she said. Some freight forwarders have reported productivity gains of up to 30 percent with the new system, she added. Introduced only two years ago, the system handles 10,000 forms a day. Each takes 15 minutes to process, compared with as long as two days by the old method. Even payment for the service is electronic. Shippers used to have to paste revenue stamps on each form. Now the board deducts the fee electronically from their bank accounts. ``Up-to-date knowledge and information become of utmost importance when a country or company seeks to be competitive in the international arena,'' Minister of Communications Yeo Ning Hong said at the launch of a teletext system, Teleview. The Network for Electronic Transfers, a cashless shopping system, has been in operation for five years and is now used by more than a third of the population and 1,500 stores. Consumers have the cost of their purchases automatically deducted from their bank accounts. ``Certainly there was resistance at first. There was a lot of resistance, primarily from the retailers,'' said the network's general manager, Patrick Yi. ``We now have a critical mass of consumers and retailers.'' In the next five years, the network plans to expand to 6,000 outlets and boost transactions from about $300 million last year to $1 billion in 1995. Plans also include an ``electronic purse,'' which could replace several electronic cards being used at the moment. ``The concept is that from a national perspective, wouldn't it be nice if we could just have one card,'' Yi said. [!! --ww] There are also other electronic networks — for air cargo (Star Net), medical claims (MediNet) and company registry (LawNet). The next futuristic concept is ``Smart Town,'' which envisions a national electronic grid to which households would be linked. ``The idea here is to build into the town a whole range of IT services,'' Tay said. ``People who live and work in such a town will have maximum and convenient access to many services.'' Even the local pig market has entered the microchip age. Wholesalers at the Hog Auction Market, or HAM, bid silently for swine on an electronic system which deducts winning bids from traders' deposits. Only the odor remains.
Having lived in Singapore for most of my life, I think I can comment on parts
of Bill J Biesty's article in RISKS 11.09.
NETS was set up by a number of banks in Singapore primarily as an ATM network
much like Cirrus or Plus System in the US. With one notable exception, if you
bank with a NETS member, you can use any ATM machine belonging to a bank that
is a NETS member (the notable exception being the Post Office Savings Bank,
which claims to have the most ATMs nationwide, and therefore does not need to
participate in the ATM network; but they do participate in the cashless
shopping service mentioned next).
The other thing you can do with NETS is that merchants can subscribe to the
service, and that allows NETS ATM card holders to use their ATM card as a debit
card at stores. Shoppers use the same PIN they use at the ATM, and they can
choose to have the purchase amount deducted from their checking or savings
account.
On a recent visit to Washington, DC, I noticed a similar service being
provided at a Safeway supermarket.
>I think it was mentioned in Risks, but was mentioned in WSJ that Singapore
>plans to install sensors in cars and roads and start taxing vehicle owners
>based on usage rather than an average fee to cover maintenance costs of roads.
Depending on how much the government decides to charge for road usage after
implementing the sensors, it may turn out to be a welcome measure. Currently,
cars prices in Singapore are more than double the prices in the US because of
import taxes. Road taxes go for about US$600 a year now for a car with a
2-liter engine (more for bigger cars, less for smaller ones). The idea is to
prevent traffic congestion by making it difficult for people to afford even one
car. I don't think that's fair.
To reduce road usage during rush hours, there is a surcharge to enter the
downtown area/city center/business district.
Implementing Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) gives the government an alternative
to rapidly increasing vehicle import taxes, increasing rush-hour entry fees
and, recently, annual car sales quotas. The hope is that it will result in
fairer charging, and that they do not abuse the flexibility of ERP.
Incidentally, Singapore got interested in ERP because of its apparent success
in Hong Kong.
Also, you may also like to know that some people do not believe in being
charged "an average fee to cover maintenance costs of roads." The Feb. 1991
issue of New York Motorist (AAA Automobile Club of New York's newsletter) ran
two articles: one was about the Club urging lawmakers to reject legislation
that would put a flat-rate auto-use tax on vehicles in Westchester County. The
Club vice-president said the tax was "regressive - levied on the owner of a
Rolls Royce at the same rate as on the owner of an old jalopy." While the main
reason for opposing the fee was that it was "essentially a second registration
fee" (and also a way for the county to raise more tax money in a bad year), I
also took it to mean that charging everyone an "average" fee isn't very popular
either.
The second articles was more interesting: the Port Authority of NY and the
Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority are trying out Automatic Vehicle
Identification (AVI) equipment to see if it could replace toll booths. A
transponder is mounted on the vehicle windshield. A transmitter at the toll
area generates a radio signal that is modified by the transponder when it is
within range, at speeds of up to 35mph, to "the tag's individual identification
code. The reflected signal with the new information is then transmitted to a
central computer" which would then deduct the proper amount of toll from the
vehicle owners account. I see a very blur distinction between this and
Singapore's ERP efforts. In fact, from the photograph accompanying the article
and the description, it seems uncannily similar to the system (or one of the
systems) that the Singapore government plans to try out. The article also
addresses several implications, among them: "A first step towards congestion
pricing (charging a higher rate for driving during peak periods and encouraging
off-peak use by lowering fees)", "Facilitating an expanded toll road system"
and a "Big Brother" potential for "governmental agencies to keep tabs on
citizens via their recorded passage through toll facilities". Sounds like
Singapore?
--jc
[Pravin Kumar <ppk@Sun.COM> responds to my submission of a Wall Street Journal article about the computerization of commerce in Singapore by pointing out that the U.S. is close behind in implementing the same technologies.] Dallas, Texas, USA has similar technologies in use. The Dallas North Tollway, the only toll road in Dallas, put the AVI system into effect last year. I also have seen the use of ATM cards to pay for groceries and gasoline (whose risks were discussed recently). One difference that does exist is that the Cirrus, Plus, and other ATM networks are not run by the government but by independent businesses that manage the networks. I submitted the article not only as a follow up to the Americard idea but also the discussion of Margaret Atwood's "The Handmaid's Tale" where womens rights were removed by removing their economic freedom. This is risk that still exists (but not just for women I'm sure) in Singapore. Access fees for driving in certain areas can be handled by selling permits to drive in congested areas. Other drivers can take the risk of driving into the area without the permit and getting a ticket. This method avoids the loss of freedom in letting some accounting system keep track of where you are. The Tollway incidentally provides a quicker access to downtown as many drivers don't want to pay the tolls ($1.00 each way), in essence making it an access fee or a service fee depending on how you want to look at it. With a commercial network there's probably greater access to the information (similar to the dubious information security at credit reporting agencies) than there would be if it were under government control. Or are they the same? Is it better to have such "democratically" restricted access? I think so. It's pretty difficult to get the CIA to release uncensored information that the (may) have collected about you. With a commercial network you can (attempt to) hire a cracker and at least be forewarned. Bill Biesty, Electronic Data Systems Corp., Research and Advanced Development, 7223 Forest Lane, Dallas, TX 75230 (214) 661 - 6058 edsr.eds.com!wjb
Alan Wexelblat notes that many instances of automation are involved in a deskilling of the workforce. There are many popular images of this effect, and Alan notes a few. The worry is that this process, extending through society, will result in a "dumbing" of workers. This thesis was most forcefully argued, not in Garson's _Electronic Sweatshop_, which has more to do with surveillance, but in Harry Braverman's _Labor and Monopoly Capital_. Braverman advanced the deskilling hypothesis as an attempt to understand what he perceived to be fundamental aspects of workplace transformation in a particular stage of western capitalism. The facts, however, do not really support Alan or Braverman. Braverman described deskilling as a historical process, particularly alive today within the service sectors. But it is questionable whether the service sectors have been the targets of a "dumbing." There have been many instances where computerization has forced the lay off of newly redundant personnel, but for those who receive or gain control of workplace automation, the story is different. They often experience a reskilling, or more explicitly, a redefinition of their job tasks, with even greater required skills. The operation of machinery does not, and should not, require knowledge of appropriate intervention, as Alan suggests. Indeed, the very *point* of automation is to remove these tasks from the province of the worker. But this is not necessarily a bad thing. Automated workers may or may not be more happy, but they are not likely to be more oppressed. And as Braverman accurately noted, the age of craft work — where you could send Joe to "bang on it a few times" to fix it are long gone. Braverman did not note that the craft work population of the U.S. was always *very* small. Most any business publication discussing the future workplace broadcasts a note of alarm about the lowering of available skills in the population as a whole. The requisite skill level for many positions has risen to the point where many large U.S. corporations are unable to find suitably educated workers in the labor force. Massive job training programs have been initiated to give workers a minimum level of technological sophistication necessary to perform their tasks. The inclination of many writers, Braverman included, to posit a golden happy age where workers knew their work and could fix/own their own machinery is a dangerous misunderstanding of the nature of capitalism. The economic system has extensively organized work for centuries, and automation has only enlarged to scope of this organization. Workers were, are, and will be oppressed. The danger is in failing to note the increasing skill stratification of the workforce. Those of us who understand technology are a very privileged lot. The workplace demands more extensive skills with each passing year as more information processing becomes required for culturally accepted business practices. If we fail to notice that the U.S. educational and social system does not support the acquisition of these skills, then we have done a grave disservice. This is not something particular to automation, but to our social system. Automation is a neutral force. Society is not. Peter Brantley, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 (602) 621-3804 Brantlep@Arizvm1.BITNET, Brantlep at Arizvm1.Ccit.Arizona.Edu
In an article in Risks 11.18, Alan Wexelblat (wex@pws.bull.com) mentions the
notion of deskilling in relation to computer-based automation. He says:
Where people have not been outright replaced by machines, they've been
replaced by people with lower skill levels and often less experience and
less education.
Though I am highly sympathetic to the idea that automation is not frequently
motivated by concern about the quality of workers' lives, the matter is fairly
complicated. In particular, it would be a mistake to identify automation with
deskilling in terms of its effects on the total workforce. (This may simply
be a clarification of AW's note.) Rather than go on about it, here are some
references which lay out the issues in detail:
William O.~Lichtner, {\em Planned Control in Manufacturing}, New York: Ronald
Press, 1924. A fascinating early manual of management rationalization.
Harry Braverman, {\em Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in
the Twentieth Century}, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974. Origin of the
thesis of "deskilling".
Richard Edwards, {\em Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace
in the Twentieth Century}, New York: Basic Books, 1979. A more complex view,
based on the evolving relationship between issues of efficiency and control
over the work process.
Barry Wilkinson, {\em The Shopfloor Politics of New Technology}, London:
Heinemann, 1983. An ethnographic account of the organizational dynamics of
factory automation.
Ann Majchrzak, {\em The Human Side of Factory Automation: Managerial and
Human Resource Strategies for Making Automation Succeed}, San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass, 1988. A practical guide for managers planning to automate.
Paul Thompson, {\em The Nature of Work: An Introduction to Debates on the
Labour Process}, second edition, London: Macmillan, 1989. Good survey of
the development of sociological theories of automation since Braverman.
Phil Agre, University of Sussex
Alan Wexelbat in Risks 11.18 makes the point of automation of some jobs
causing the level of intelligence of the operators hired to do them to be
lowered. How can this be ascertained as opposed to the scenario where the
quality of the applicants for the job has required a high-tech solution in
order to get it done. Have you talked (English!) to a high school student
lately? Tried to get into a discussion with one? Definitely on a downward
spiral.
Bob
Alan Wexelblat discussed "dumbing down", whereby technology allow less trained
people to perform tasks which previously required skilled practitioners. We
must also remember that computer-aided processes can inspire contempt in those
who are familiar. An example is the oft-discussed failure of skilled persons to
follow automated checklist procedures because they know the system "well
enough". The best (apocryphal?) example is the Soviet fighter pilot yelling
"don't tell me how to fly this plane" to a recorded voice intoning "pull up...
pull up". This must be "dumbing up".
PS to Steve Bellovin's note about 25 and 50 feet of wire going for the same
price: an inspired bargainer would purchase the 50-foot length, Solomon-style
cleave it in twain, and return one piece at the 25-foot price.
E. N. Kittlitz
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